Caroline Breese Hall. Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Parainfluenza Virus. N. Engl. J. Med., Jun 2001; 344: 1917 - 1928
RSV, followed by the parainfluenza viruses, is the chief cause of hospitalization for respiratory tract illness in young children. In the 1980s an estimated 100,000 children were hospitalized with RSV infection in the United States annually, at a cost of $300 million. In 1991 it was estimated that infection of children with parainfluenza virus types 1 and 2 accounted for 250,000 visits to emergency rooms, 70,000 hospitalizations, and $190 million annually. RSV and parainfluenza viruses are also leading causes of hospitalization in adults with community-acquired respiratory disease.Despite four decades of efforts, there are no effective means to control RSV and parainfluenza virus infections. The development of vaccines has been confounded by the lack of durable immunity, even after natural infection, and the diversity and ubiquity of populations at risk for infection.

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