Both LAIV and TIV contain strains of influenza viruses that are antigenically equivalent to the annually recommended strains: one influenza A (H3N2) virus, one influenza A (H1N1) virus, and one influenza B virus. Each year, one or more virus strains in the vaccine might be changed on the basis of global surveillance for influenza viruses and the emergence and spread of new strains. For the 2009--10 influenza season, the influenza B vaccine virus strain was changed to B/Brisbane/60/2008, a representative of the B/Victoria lineage) compared with the 2008--09 season. The influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2 vaccine virus strains were not changed. Viruses for both types of currently licensed vaccines are grown in eggs. Both vaccines are administered annually to provide optimal protection against influenza virus infection (Table 1). Both TIV and LAIV are widely available in the United States. Although both types of vaccines are expected to be effective, the vaccines differ in several respects (Table 1).
During the preparation of TIV, the vaccine viruses are made noninfectious (i.e., inactivated or killed). Only subvirion and purified surface antigen preparations of TIV (often referred to as "split" and subunit vaccines, respectively) are available in the United States. TIV contains killed viruses and thus cannot cause influenza. LAIV contains live, attenuated influenza viruses that have the potential to cause mild signs or symptoms (e.g., runny nose, nasal congestion, fever, or sore throat). LAIV is administered intranasally by sprayer, whereas TIV is administered intramuscularly by injection. LAIV is licensed for use among nonpregnant persons aged 2--49 years; safety has not been established in persons with underlying medical conditions that confer a higher risk for influenza complications. TIV is licensed for use among persons aged 6 months and older, including those who are healthy and those with chronic medical conditions (Table 1).
Factor | LAIV | TIV |
|---|---|---|
| Route of administration | Intranasal spray | Intramuscular injection |
| Type of vaccine | Live virus | Noninfectious virus (i.e., inactivated) |
| No. of included virus strains | Three (two influenza A, one influenza B) | Three (two influenza A, one influenza B) |
| Vaccine virus strains updated | Annually | Annually |
| Frequency of administration | Annually* | Annually* |
| Approved age | Persons aged 2–49 yrs† | Persons aged 6 months and older |
| Interval between 2 doses recommended for children aged 6 mos and older -- 8 yrs who are receiving influenza vaccine for the first time | 4 weeks | 4 weeks |
| Can be administered to persons with medical risk factors for influenza-related complications† | No | Yes |
| Can be administered to children with asthma or children aged 2--4 yrs with wheezing in the past year? | No | Yes |
| Can be administered to family members or close contacts of immunosuppressed persons not requiring a protected environment | Yes | Yes |
| Can be administered to family members or close contacts of immunosuppressed persons requiring a protected environment (e.g., hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient) | No | Yes |
| Can be administered to family members or close contacts of persons at high risk but not severely immunosuppressed | Yes | Yes |
| Can be simultaneously administered with other vaccines | Yes¶ | Yes** |
| If not simultaneously administered, can be administered within 4 wks of another live vaccine | Space 4 wks apart | Yes |
| If not simultaneously administered, can be administered within 4 wks of an inactivated vaccine | Yes | Yes |
* Children aged 6 months--8 years who have never received influenza vaccine before should receive 2 doses. Those who only receive 1 dose in their first year of vaccination should receive 2 doses in the following year, spaced 4 weeks apart. † Persons at higher risk for complications of influenza infection because of underlying medical conditions should not receive LAIV. Persons at higher risk for complications of influenza infection because of underlying medical conditions include adults and children with chronic disorders of the pulmonary or cardiovascular systems; adults and children with chronic metabolic diseases (including diabetes mellitus), renal dysfunction, hemoglobinopathies, or immunnosuppression; children and adolescents receiving long-term aspirin therapy (at risk for developing Reye syndrome after wild-type influenza infection); persons who have any condition (e.g., cognitive dysfunction, spinal cord injuries, seizure disorders, or other neuromuscular disorders) that can compromise respiratory function or the handling of respiratory secretions or that can increase the risk for aspiration; pregnant women; and residents of nursing homes and other chronic-care facilities that house persons with chronic medical conditions. § Clinicians and immunization programs should screen for possible reactive airways diseases when considering use of LAIV for children aged 2--4 years and should avoid use of this vaccine in children with asthma or a recent wheezing episode. Health-care providers should consult the medical record, when available, to identify children aged 2--4 years with asthma or recurrent wheezing that might indicate asthma. In addition, to identify children who might be at greater risk for asthma and possibly at increased risk for wheezing after receiving LAIV, parents or caregivers of children aged 2--4 years should be asked: "In the past 12 months, has a health-care provider ever told you that your child had wheezing or asthma?" Children whose parents or caregivers answer "yes" to this question and children who have asthma or who had a wheezing episode noted in the medical record during the preceding 12 months should not receive LAIV. ¶ LAIV coadministration has been evaluated systematically only among children aged 12--15 months who received measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine or varicella vaccine. ** TIV coadministration has been evaluated systematically only among adults who received pneumococcal polysaccharide or zoster vaccine. | ||